Smart plug adapters arranged in a row showing various UK models with power indicators and wireless connectivity features.

You bought a smart speaker months ago and it’s mostly sitting there telling you the weather. Meanwhile, your floor lamp still needs you to walk across the room, your coffee maker has no idea what time you wake up, and your teenager leaves the television on standby all night. You’ve looked at smart plugs before, but the sheer number of options — different apps, different ecosystems, some claiming 5GHz support, some promising energy monitoring — made you close the tab and put it off. Sound familiar?

The problem isn’t that smart plugs are complicated. They genuinely aren’t. The problem is that a bad choice means you’re stuck with an app you hate, a plug that drops off your network every few days, or a device that only talks to one voice assistant when you’ve got three different ones floating around your household. Get the right one, though, and it just works — lights come on at dusk, the washing machine gets switched off remotely, and you can finally see how much electricity that ancient chest freezer in the garage is actually costing you.

This guide cuts through the noise. You’ll find eight specific UK-available picks, each suited to a different household situation, with honest assessments of what each one does well and where it falls short.

How We Evaluated These Picks

Choosing smart plugs for a UK buying guide isn’t just about headline features. The criteria we applied reflect what actually matters once a plug is installed and living on your Wi-Fi network long-term.

We assessed each product against the following: Wi-Fi reliability and frequency band support (2.4GHz is the UK standard; 5GHz support is a bonus but not always necessary); ease of setup for non-technical users; compatibility with Alexa, Google Assistant, and where possible Apple HomeKit and SmartThings; energy monitoring quality (not just whether it exists, but how useful the data is); physical footprint so the plug doesn’t block adjacent sockets; and the consistency of verified buyer feedback patterns across the UK Amazon listings. Pack sizes were also factored in, since buying in bulk often makes more sense for households wanting to automate multiple rooms at once.

Best Overall Smart Plug for UK Homes

The Tapo P100 (4-Pack) Smart Plug is where most UK households should start. TP-Link’s Tapo brand has earned a strong reputation in the UK smart home market, and the P100 is the reason: it’s compact, reliable, and genuinely straightforward to set up even if you’ve never touched a smart home device before. The four-pack format is particularly good value if you want to automate multiple rooms from day one rather than buying singles and doubling your cost over time.

Setup is handled through the Tapo app, which is well-regarded for its clean interface and logical layout. You connect the plug to your 2.4GHz Wi-Fi (more on why 2.4GHz matters in the buying guide section below), name it, assign it a room, and you’re done in under five minutes. Once set up, it works natively with both Alexa and Google Assistant, so you can bark commands from whichever smart speaker you happen to be nearest to. The Away Mode feature — which randomises on/off times to simulate occupancy — is a nice security touch if you travel.

Where the P100 has limits is energy monitoring: there’s none. You can control the plug remotely, set schedules, use countdown timers, and integrate it into smart home routines, but you won’t get any data on how much electricity the connected device is consuming. For lamps, fans, and small appliances where you mainly want remote control and scheduling, that’s completely fine. For devices where power consumption is the whole point — think slow cookers, older fridges, or electric heaters — you’ll want the P110 instead (covered separately below).

The 4.7 rating across its Amazon listing reflects buyers who find it dependable day to day. Occasional complaints in reviews tend to relate to router placement rather than the plug itself — if your router is in a different room or on a different floor, the P100 can struggle, as is typical for any 2.4GHz device. Keep it within reasonable range and it’s as consistent as smart plugs get at this tier.

Best Budget Entry Point — Single Plug

If you’re not yet convinced smart plugs will earn a permanent place in your home, the Tapo P110 Smart Plug with Energy Monitoring sold as a single unit is the lowest-commitment way to test the concept — and it comes with energy monitoring built in, which immediately sets it apart from basic remote-control-only options at a similar price point.

The P110 single is ideal for a specific use case: you have one appliance you want to monitor. Maybe it’s the tumble dryer, because you suspect it’s costing more than it should. Maybe it’s a dehumidifier running in the garage. You plug in the P110, connect it through the Tapo app, and within a day you’ll have real consumption data — kilowatt hours used, runtime, and an estimated running cost based on your local rate if you input it. That kind of visibility is genuinely useful for working out whether an appliance is worth replacing.

Functionally it’s identical to the P100 minus the pack size: 2.4GHz Wi-Fi, Alexa and Google Assistant support, scheduling, countdown timers, Away Mode, and remote control via the Tapo app. The energy monitoring is the differentiator, and it’s handled well. The data is displayed clearly in the app — not buried behind multiple menus — and you can track usage over time rather than just seeing instantaneous wattage.

The tradeoff is purely economic: per-plug, buying a single P110 costs more than buying a multi-pack. If you know you want several smart plugs with energy monitoring, jump straight to the P110 two-pack or four-pack. But for a first smart plug purchase or for filling a single specific monitoring need, the single P110 is the most sensible starting point in the Tapo range. Its 4.5 rating suggests buyers are broadly satisfied with the reliability and usefulness of its feature set.

Best Two-Pack for Smaller Households

The Tapo P100 (2-Pack) Smart Plug sits neatly between buying a single plug and committing to four. For a one or two-bedroom flat, or for someone who wants to automate exactly two things — say, a bedside lamp and a living room floor lamp — the two-pack makes economic sense without buying more hardware than you need.

Everything about the P100 two-pack is functionally identical to the four-pack version: same compact form factor (the P100 is one of the slimmer plugs in the Tapo range, which matters if your sockets are close together or behind furniture), same Tapo app setup, same Alexa and Google Assistant compatibility, same scheduling and Away Mode features. You’re paying for two plugs, not a lesser product.

The 4.6 rating on this listing is consistent with the four-pack, suggesting quality isn’t compromised by the pack format. Where reviewers occasionally note frustration is around 2.4GHz connectivity in dense urban flats where the Wi-Fi environment is congested with signals from neighbouring networks. This isn’t a Tapo-specific issue — it affects almost all budget 2.4GHz smart plugs — but it’s worth being aware of if you live in a block of flats. If signal congestion is a known issue in your home, look at the EIGHTREE 5GHz option covered later in this guide.

For most people dipping into home automation for the first time or adding to a small existing setup, the two-pack is the sensible, waste-nothing option. No energy monitoring, but for lamps and similar always-on-when-you-want-it devices, that’s not a dealbreaker.

Best for Energy Monitoring — Two-Pack

The Tapo P110 (2-Pack) Smart Plug with Energy Monitoring is the pick for households that want visibility into what their appliances are actually consuming, without committing to a four-pack before they’ve validated the habit. Two plugs is enough to monitor, say, both your washing machine and your dishwasher simultaneously — or your home office setup and the bedroom TV.

The P110’s energy monitoring goes beyond a simple wattage readout. The Tapo app tracks cumulative usage over time, lets you set a per-kWh rate to convert consumption into estimated cost, and flags if a device has been left on unexpectedly long. For UK households trying to manage electricity bills more carefully, this is a genuinely practical tool rather than a gimmick. You can see at a glance whether your fridge-freezer is drawing more power than it should, or confirm that switching to LED bulbs actually made the difference you hoped for.

Compared to the P100, the P110 is physically very similar — compact, fits in a standard UK three-pin socket without blocking the adjacent socket in most double-socket configurations. The extra circuitry for energy monitoring doesn’t translate into a noticeably bulkier plug, which was a real concern with some earlier-generation energy monitoring smart plugs that effectively ate both sockets in a pair.

The 4.6 rating reflects consistent satisfaction with both the reliability and the quality of the energy data. A minority of reviews mention the app requiring an account to function — you can’t use the P110 purely locally without a cloud account, which is a limitation for privacy-conscious users. If local-only control is a priority, you’d need to look at third-party firmware options, but for the vast majority of UK buyers, the cloud-dependent setup is not a meaningful problem in everyday use.

Best for High-Congestion Wi-Fi Environments — 5GHz Option

The EIGHTREE Smart Plug 5GHz WiFi Compatible with Energy Monitoring solves a problem that most smart plug buyers don’t realise they have until their plug starts dropping off the network every few days. In dense urban areas — blocks of flats, terraced houses in cities, shared houses — the 2.4GHz band can become so crowded with competing signals that smart home devices struggle to maintain stable connections. The EIGHTREE is one of the few UK-available smart plugs that supports both 2.4GHz and 5GHz Wi-Fi, giving you the option to connect on the less-congested 5GHz band.

This is particularly relevant if you’ve tried a budget 2.4GHz smart plug before and found it unreliable. Before blaming the plug, it’s worth checking whether your Wi-Fi environment is the culprit. The EIGHTREE gives you a straightforward solution: connect on 5GHz and the congestion issue largely disappears. The tradeoff is range — 5GHz signals don’t penetrate walls as effectively as 2.4GHz — so the EIGHTREE works best when the socket is in reasonable proximity to your router or a Wi-Fi access point.

Energy monitoring is included, which makes this a genuinely feature-rich option. It works with Alexa, Google Assistant, and SmartThings, and the companion app (Smart Life / Tuya ecosystem) is functional if not as polished as the Tapo app. The 4.6 rating suggests buyers are finding it delivers on its core promise. The premium over basic 2.4GHz plugs reflects the dual-band capability and energy monitoring combination — if you don’t have a Wi-Fi congestion problem, you might not need it. But if you do, this is the most practical fix without overhauling your home network.

One honest caveat: the Smart Life / Tuya app ecosystem is broader and less curated than Tapo’s, which means interface consistency can vary. It works, but don’t expect the same level of polish you’d get from a dedicated single-brand app.

Best Four-Pack for Energy-Conscious Households

The Tapo P110 (4-Pack) Smart Plug with Energy Monitoring is the pick for households going all-in on energy awareness across multiple rooms. Four plugs with energy monitoring means you can simultaneously track the consumption of your washing machine, tumble dryer, home office PC setup, and living room entertainment centre — and that’s a meaningful amount of data to have when you’re trying to cut your electricity bill.

The case for buying a four-pack rather than individual plugs or a two-pack is simple: the per-plug cost decreases meaningfully, and once you’ve started monitoring one appliance, you’ll want to monitor others. The habit of checking consumption data in the app is surprisingly sticky — it quickly becomes a normal part of how you think about energy use at home. Four plugs gets you to a point where you have a genuinely comprehensive picture of your household’s discretionary electricity use.

From a practical installation standpoint, four P110 plugs across a typical UK home is very achievable. The compact form factor means they fit in most standard double-socket configurations without the adjacent socket being blocked, which is one of the most common frustrations with energy monitoring plugs (historically, these tended to be bulkier than basic remote control plugs). If you have particularly recessed sockets — common in older UK properties — it’s worth checking dimensions before ordering, as any plug can struggle in very recessed socket boxes.

Functionality is identical to the single and two-pack P110: full Tapo app integration, Alexa and Google Assistant support, scheduling, Away Mode, countdown timers, and detailed per-plug energy consumption tracking. The 4.6 rating is consistent across the pack variants, which suggests the product quality doesn’t vary with quantity. For a household that’s already decided smart plugs are a long-term fixture rather than an experiment, the four-pack P110 is the most cost-effective way to get started with energy monitoring across the home.

Best for SmartThings-Integrated Homes

The EIGHTREE Smart Plug with Energy Monitoring, 13A Smart Plugs that Work with Alexa, Google Home, SmartThings stands out from the Tapo range specifically because of its native SmartThings compatibility — which matters if you’ve built your smart home around Samsung’s ecosystem or own Samsung smart appliances that talk to SmartThings. Most budget UK smart plugs prioritise Alexa and Google Home, with SmartThings support being an afterthought. The EIGHTREE treats it as a first-class integration.

The 13A rating is worth noting explicitly: this is the standard UK plug current rating, but some cheaper smart plugs are rated lower (10A), which can be an issue if you’re connecting appliances with higher inrush currents like kettles or heaters. The EIGHTREE’s 13A rating means it’s suitable for the full range of UK household appliances rather than just low-power devices like lamps and phone chargers. That’s a practical advantage if you want to automate kitchen appliances or electric heaters.

Energy monitoring is present and functional, integrated through the Smart Life / Tuya app ecosystem. The tradeoff compared to the Tapo P110 is the same as with the other EIGHTREE product: the app is slightly less polished and the ecosystem is broader, meaning the consistency of the experience depends partly on which integrations you use. SmartThings integration in particular can require more initial configuration than plug-and-play Alexa or Google Home linking.

The 4.5 rating is solid. Reviews tend to highlight the reliable connection and the usefulness of the energy monitoring data. A minority note that the initial SmartThings pairing can require patience — it’s not always as instant as the Alexa or Google Home setup paths. But once connected, the integration is stable. For Samsung SmartThings users specifically, this is the most capable option in the budget-to-mid-range tier available in this list.

Best for Alexa-Focused Households Wanting Broad Compatibility

The ANTELA Smart Plug with Energy Monitoring, Alexa Voice Control, 2.4GHz WiFi Plug occupies an interesting position: it’s an Alexa-compatible energy monitoring plug that also works with the Smart Life app, giving you more flexibility than a single-ecosystem product without the complexity of a full Matter-compatible device. For households where Alexa is the dominant voice assistant but you also want app-based control and energy data, the ANTELA is a practical mid-range choice.

Setup follows the standard Smart Life / Tuya pattern: download the app, connect to your 2.4GHz Wi-Fi network, then link with Alexa through the standard skill-linking process. The energy monitoring is comparable to other plugs in this price tier — instantaneous wattage, cumulative consumption, and estimated cost if you enter your rate. It works, gives you actionable data, and the Alexa integration means you can ask your Echo device to turn connected appliances on and off without touching your phone.

Where the ANTELA is honest about its limitations: it’s a 2.4GHz-only device, so if Wi-Fi congestion is already a problem in your home, you’ll have the same potential connectivity issues as any other 2.4GHz plug. It’s also not the most visually distinctive product — the form factor is practical rather than premium, and the app experience reflects the broader Smart Life ecosystem rather than a dedicated brand app. These are minor points at this price tier, but worth noting if you’re comparing it directly against the Tapo P110, which benefits from TP-Link’s more developed and consistently updated app.

The 4.4 rating is the lowest in this guide but still reflects a fundamentally sound product. The slight dip compared to the Tapo lineup likely reflects the less polished app experience and occasional connectivity complaints rather than hardware failures. For Alexa households wanting energy monitoring at a competitive price point with timer functionality built in, the ANTELA is a reasonable choice — particularly if the Tapo range is out of stock or if you prefer not to concentrate all your smart home devices under a single brand’s ecosystem.

What to Look For When Buying a Smart Plug in the UK

  • 2.4GHz vs 5GHz Wi-Fi support: Almost all smart plugs in the UK use 2.4GHz Wi-Fi, which has better range through walls but is more susceptible to congestion in dense housing. If you live in a flat or terraced house in a city and have experienced smart home devices dropping off your network, look for a dual-band plug that supports 5GHz. If you have a straightforward home network with decent router placement, 2.4GHz is fine.
  • Energy monitoring: Basic smart plugs simply switch power on and off. Energy monitoring plugs additionally measure how much electricity the connected device is consuming, displayed in kilowatt-hours, which you can translate into running costs. If you’re trying to reduce your electricity bill or identify energy-hungry appliances, energy monitoring is worth paying extra for. For lamps and low-power devices, it’s less necessary.
  • Current rating (amps): UK plugs are rated at 13A maximum. Most smart plugs are also rated at 13A, which is what you want. Some cheaper models may be rated lower — check the spec before connecting high-draw appliances like kettles, heaters, or washing machines.
  • Voice assistant compatibility: Check which assistants the plug supports before buying. Most modern smart plugs work with Alexa and Google Assistant. Apple HomeKit (Siri) compatibility is rarer at the budget end and usually commands a price premium. Samsung SmartThings support is increasingly common but varies by brand. If you have a mixed household with multiple ecosystems, prioritise plugs that list compatibility with all the assistants you actually use.
  • Physical footprint: A smart plug that blocks the adjacent socket in a double-socket configuration is a daily frustration. Check reviewer photos and dimensions before buying. Compact, flat-fronted designs are generally more neighbour-socket-friendly than older bulkier designs.
  • App quality and account requirements: Every mainstream smart plug requires an app and an account. Evaluate whether the brand’s app has a track record of good support and regular updates. Brands using the generic Smart Life / Tuya platform have a functional but less tailored experience compared to brands like TP-Link (Tapo) that have invested in a dedicated app. Also check whether local control (without a cloud connection) matters to you — most consumer smart plugs are cloud-dependent by default.
  • Pack sizes and per-plug cost: If you know you want multiple smart plugs, buying in packs almost always reduces the per-plug cost significantly. Two-packs and four-packs are available across most Tapo models. If you’re experimenting with one plug first, start with a single or two-pack before committing to four.

Verdict

For the majority of UK households, the Tapo P110 (4-Pack) Smart Plug with Energy Monitoring is the recommendation to go with. It covers all the bases that matter most for a typical UK smart home: reliable 2.4GHz connectivity, Alexa and Google Assistant support, a genuinely useful energy monitoring feature that helps you understand and reduce your electricity consumption, and a well-maintained app with strong reviews. The four-pack format means you can automate multiple rooms from the start at a sensible per-plug cost.

If energy monitoring isn’t a priority and you just want reliable remote control and scheduling, drop down to the Tapo P100 (4-Pack) — it’s the same reliable platform without the energy tracking. And if you live in a flat with congested 2.4GHz Wi-Fi and have experienced dropouts with previous smart home devices, the EIGHTREE Smart Plug 5GHz is worth the extra investment to solve that specific problem properly.

Start with the P110 four-pack, put one on the washing machine, one on the tumble dryer, and two wherever you want convenient remote control. Within a week, you’ll have enough data to decide whether smart plugs are going to stay a fixture in your home — and the answer is almost certainly yes.

We were not paid to feature any specific product in this guide. All opinions are independent and based on publicly available specifications, verified buyer feedback patterns, and category research. Products were selected on merit against the criteria described in the methodology section — ecosystem compatibility, reliability signals from review patterns, energy monitoring capability, physical design, and value across different household scenarios. No manufacturer had sight of or influence over this guide prior to publication.

Quick Comparison Table

Image Product Check Price
Tapo P100 (4-Pack) Smart Plug, Wi-Fi Plug, App Remote Control, Alexa Plug, Voice Control with Alexa & Google, Away Mode, Scheduling & Timer, Device Sharing, Easy Set Up, Multiple Safety Guarantees Tapo P100 (4-Pack) Smart Plug, Wi-Fi Plug, App Remote Control, Alexa Plug, Voice Control with Alexa & Google, Away Mode, Scheduling & Timer, Device Sharing, Easy Set Up, Multiple Safety Guarantees Check price on Amazon
Tapo P100 (2-Pack) Smart Plug, Wi-Fi Plug, App Remote Control, Alexa Plug, Voice Control with Alexa & Google, Away Mode, Scheduling & Timer, Device Sharing, Easy Set Up, Multiple Safety Guarantees Tapo P100 (2-Pack) Smart Plug, Wi-Fi Plug, App Remote Control, Alexa Plug, Voice Control with Alexa & Google, Away Mode, Scheduling & Timer, Device Sharing, Easy Set Up, Multiple Safety Guarantees Check price on Amazon
Tapo P110 (2-Pack) Smart Plug, WiFi Plug, Energy Monitoring, Electricity Usage Monitor, App Remote Control, Smart Home, Voice Control with Google, Away Mode, Scheduling & Timer, Device Sharing Tapo P110 (2-Pack) Smart Plug, WiFi Plug, Energy Monitoring, Electricity Usage Monitor, App Remote Control, Smart Home, Voice Control with Google, Away Mode, Scheduling & Timer, Device Sharing Check price on Amazon
EIGHTREE Smart Plug 5GHz WiFi Compatible with Energy Monitoring, Smart Plugs that Work with Alexa Works with Alexa & Google Assistant & Smart Life, Wireless Remote Control Timer Plug Smart Home, 13A EIGHTREE Smart Plug 5GHz WiFi Compatible with Energy Monitoring, Smart Plugs that Work with Alexa Works with Alexa & Google Assistant & Smart Life, Wireless Remote Control Timer Plug Smart Home, 13A Check price on Amazon
Tapo P110 (4-Pack) Smart Plug, WiFi Plug, Energy Monitoring, Electricity Usage Monitor, App Remote Control, Alexa,Voice Control with Alexa & Google, Away Mode, Scheduling & Timer, Device Sharing Tapo P110 (4-Pack) Smart Plug, WiFi Plug, Energy Monitoring, Electricity Usage Monitor, App Remote Control, Alexa,Voice Control with Alexa & Google, Away Mode, Scheduling & Timer, Device Sharing Check price on Amazon
Tapo P110 Smart Plug with Energy Monitoring, Schedule & Timer, Away Mode, Wi-Fi Plug, Voice Control with Alexa & Google, Remote Control, Device Sharing, Guaranteed Safety, Easy Setup and Use Tapo P110 Smart Plug with Energy Monitoring, Schedule & Timer, Away Mode, Wi-Fi Plug, Voice Control with Alexa & Google, Remote Control, Device Sharing, Guaranteed Safety, Easy Setup and Use Check price on Amazon
EIGHTREE Smart Plug with Energy Monitoring, 13A Smart Plugs that Work with Alexa, Google Home, SmartThings, Wireless Remote Control Timer Plug, 2.4 GHz Only Wi-Fi Plug EIGHTREE Smart Plug with Energy Monitoring, 13A Smart Plugs that Work with Alexa, Google Home, SmartThings, Wireless Remote Control Timer Plug, 2.4 GHz Only Wi-Fi Plug Check price on Amazon
ANTELA Smart Plug with Energy Monitoring, Alexa Voice Control, 2,4GHz WiFi Plug, Smart Life APP Wireless Remote Control and Timer Function, Work with Alexa and Google Home, 13A (4 Packs) ANTELA Smart Plug with Energy Monitoring, Alexa Voice Control, 2,4GHz WiFi Plug, Smart Life APP Wireless Remote Control and Timer Function, Work with Alexa and Google Home, 13A (4 Packs) Check price on Amazon

FAQ

Do smart plugs work with any Wi-Fi router in the UK?

Most smart plugs require a 2.4GHz Wi-Fi network, which every modern UK router provides. What catches people out is that some routers broadcast 2.4GHz and 5GHz under the same network name — if your phone is connected to the 5GHz band when you set up the plug, the pairing can fail. During setup, temporarily connect your phone to the 2.4GHz band specifically (or separate the bands in your router settings) to avoid this issue. Once set up, the plug connects independently and your phone can go back to whichever band it prefers.

Are smart plugs safe to leave on overnight with high-draw appliances?

Smart plugs rated at 13A — which is the standard for UK-market products — are designed to handle the full range of domestic appliances up to that current limit. Ensure you’re not exceeding the rated load of the plug, and avoid connecting multiple extension leads to a single smart plug, as this can exceed the rating even if no individual appliance would. For appliances with heating elements (kettles, toasters, electric heaters), use them as you would normally — the smart plug adds remote switching, not additional protection beyond standard UK fuse ratings.

Will a smart plug work if my internet goes down?

Most consumer smart plugs rely on a cloud connection for app control and voice assistant commands, so if your internet is down you’ll lose remote control and voice assistant functionality. However, the plug will still deliver power to whatever is connected, and any schedules that are stored locally on the plug may continue to run. Physical control via the button on the plug itself always works regardless of internet status. For critical applications where you need guaranteed remote access, look into solutions with local network control capabilities.

Can smart plugs genuinely help reduce electricity bills?

Energy monitoring smart plugs give you accurate consumption data per appliance, which is a starting point for reducing waste — but they don’t reduce consumption on their own. The value comes from what you do with the information: discovering that an old fridge is drawing significantly more power than a modern one, identifying appliances left on standby unnecessarily, or confirming that a heating device is being used for longer than intended. Combined with scheduled switching — automatically turning off devices at certain times — they can meaningfully reduce standby waste across a household.

Do smart plugs work with Apple HomeKit in the UK?

HomeKit compatibility is less common at the budget end of the UK smart plug market than Alexa and Google Assistant support. Most mainstream options in the budget-to-mid-range tier work with Alexa and Google Home but not natively with Siri or the Home app. If HomeKit compatibility is a requirement, check the product listing explicitly for HomeKit or Matter support — Matter-certified plugs are increasingly compatible with HomeKit via a Thread border router or HomePod. Expect to pay a modest premium for confirmed HomeKit compatibility.

What’s the difference between Smart Life, Tapo, and other smart plug apps?

Tapo is TP-Link’s dedicated smart home app, designed specifically for their range of devices and regularly updated with a consistent user experience. Smart Life is a white-label app platform used by many different manufacturers (including EIGHTREE and ANTELA products in this guide) — it’s functional and integrates well with Alexa and Google Home, but the experience can vary slightly depending on which brand’s hardware you pair with it. Neither requires a hub. If you’re building a larger smart home with multiple devices from one brand, Tapo’s ecosystem is more cohesive; if you’re mixing brands, Smart Life’s broader compatibility can be useful.

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